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A common and familiar example is that paints are many times formulated for very specific applications.

Numerous fields of science and engineering require detailed understanding of material surface characteristics in order to select or properly prepare surfaces.

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Results support the premise that expensive optical apparatus and associated software are not required to perform accurate comparisons of surface wetting characteristics. This method of determining the contact angles of probe liquids on solid surfaces has proven reliable in confirming surface energy predictions based on the chemical and physical properties of those surfaces tested.

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Surface free energy calculations for solids were calculated with the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good equation and were likewise consistent with literature values. Contact angles determined for probe liquids were consistent and comparable to literature values. Ten replicates of each surface and treatments were tested independently to determine repeatability of the procedure. Multiple surfaces were analyzed using this method, including N-type silicon wafers, glass microscope slides, 130 thickness gold layers electrosprayed onto both N-type silicon wafers and glass slides, and a carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) deposited onto the gold layers.

Once these reference lines were applied, contact angles () of the probe liquids at the three phase boundary were determined using AutoCAD software and geometric principals. Using the AutoCAD design window, images of droplets were overlaid with lines and shapes matching all profiles of the images. Digital images (JPG) of 1.01 droplets for a probe liquid triad (ultrapure water, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol) resting on the substrates of interest are produced.

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Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Īuthoritative and easily accessible, Confocal Microscopy: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is aimed primarily, but not exclusively, at the novice user with pointers to more advanced techniques.This study reports the development of an economical apparatus and method for measuring contact angles of liquids on solid surfaces using a digital microscope and AutoCAD 2005 drafting software. Confocal microscopy has become essential in many fields of contemporary biomedical research where a light microscope is required for imaging fluorescently labeled cells and tissues, especially cell biology, developmental biology, neurobiology, and pathology. This allows the imaging of living specimens and measurements of physiological events within cells. The current generation of modern confocal instruments produces optical sections of cells and tissues that are free of out-of-focus fluorescence with reduced chances of artifacts from the techniques of specimen preparation. Emphasis has been placed on the laser scanning confocal microscope since this is still the instrument used for most routine applications. Protocols for the preparation of tissues from many model organisms including worms, flies and mice have been included as well as chapters on confocal imaging of living cells, three dimensional analysis, and the measurement and presentation of confocal images for publication.

Confocal Microscopy: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition takes the researcher from the bench top through the imaging process, to the page.

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